面向21世紀(jì)的可持續(xù)的污水處理技術(shù)-水處理過程耦合降低碳足跡的廢物再利用

By the year 2020, the future of an integrated solid waste management system will continue to evolve by reducing its carbon footprint and focusing on renewable energy in response to the global drive toward sustainability. Reducing the waste management carbon footprint may originate from many fronts. Opportunities may include the wholesale deployment of collection vehicles using natural gas fuels and making fewer collections per week, installation of landfill gas-to-energy systems, and other renewable energy systems (wind and solar) even on a small scale sufficient to power the electrical needs of only the ancillary landfill offices and other on-site facilities. And lastly the beginning of comprehensive public utilities planning may soon result in the development of public works and utilities campuses that take advantage of the synergies presented by recovering energy from waste and powering contiguous water and wastewater plants, along with numerous other public energy users, from jails to administrative offices.

The recent promotion of alternate waste-conversion technologies for the production of biomethane, syngas, and liquid biofuels from municipal waste by an increasing number of developers may result in additional opportunities for communities to manage their waste. The list of waste conversion technologies includes advanced combustion, anaerobic digestion, catalytic depolymerization, fermentation, gasification, and pyrolysis. Advanced combustion is a currently demonstrated technology. Several of the emerging technologies are currently being evaluated in various stages of testing, with funding provided by the US Department of Energy and private investors. The pathway to commercial success for emerging technologies typically requires five to 10 years. By 2020, it is possible that several of the emerging waste-conversion technologies will advance to commercial status.

However, the focus of our crystal ball is to look ahead for mass-burn advanced combustion—the proven workhorse of the waste-to-energy (WTE) industry—to continue to evolve and be implemented into a municipal utility campus. Unless there is a turnabout in the methodology for determining how municipal WTE facilities are paid for the renewable energy derived from local wastes, the opportunity to use the power behind the meter or internally within public works may present the highest and best use of this renewable electricity. One such opportunity for internal use of electricity will be for the treatment of municipal water resources. This broad class of vital municipal services includes treatment of wastewater, reclaimed water, stormwater, and potable water, and our vision of this sustainable and synergistic approach is explored below.

Opportunity Presented by the Water–Energy Nexus
By the year 2020, the global public works community will be faced with the daunting task of providing both solid waste management and water resource services to a global population projected to be in excess of 8 billion. Looking to a sustainable future, renewable energy in the form of steam, heat and electricity derived from advanced WTE facilities can be used to internally power municipal water treatment processes with energy derived from the nonrecycled fraction of local municipal wastestreams. For those cases where the internal use of the electricity results in savings compared with the purchase of electricity from the local electrical utility, the savings may be shared between the solid waste and water resources departments.

Often referred to as the “water-energy nexus,” water and energy are inextricably linked in the goal of public works to provide a clean and affordable municipal water supply. Solid waste management and water treatment delivery are also two key processes critical to the successful development of sustainable economic development on local, regional, state, and national levels. Advanced treatment requiring greater demands of energy for potable water production is becoming the norm for processing lower-quality raw water supplies while meeting higher environmental standards for a growing family of water chemistry parameters and chemicals of concern. Ultraviolet light, ozone, ultrasonics, membranes, and other electrically derived disinfection and filtration technologies continue to evolve, with the net effect of increasing the overall energy intensity of municipal water treatment.

In summary, the following are emerging paradigms affecting municipal solid waste management and water resources:

• Increasing landfill diversion and recycling goals

• Local, regional and national energy independence goals via clean renewable energy

• Growing awareness of sustainability and climate change initiatives

• Need for development of alternative water supplies

• Need for local, sustainable economic development and high quality jobs

Water Treatment Process Electric Demands
Energy input for water treatment plants varies widely with the raw water quality and treatment process types required to meet potable water standards. The typical range of energy input for various water treatment processes—including raw water withdrawal and transfer, treatment, disinfection, and distribution—is summarized in Table 1.

Modern Waste-To-Energy
Currently, WTE facilities process approximately 13% of the total municipal solid waste in the United States. As a result, there is an immense untapped resource that can be converted to various forms of green energy. There is potentially more than 16,000 MW of electric power that is currently a “missed opportunity” in the United States alone. Much of this waste can be converted into green renewable energy using existing proven methods. Synergistically, much of this potential renewable energy can be developed within urban areas in close proximity to the source of waste generation and the need for municipal services and water utilities. The average gross and net electrical power generation of WTE facilities has increased over the past decade to approximately 550 kWh per ton net per ton of waste processed, assuming a typical MSW heating value of 5,000 Btu per pound.

Table 1 – Water treatment electrical demands

FIGURE 1 – Size of water treatment plant powered by 1,000 ton per day WTE facility

WTE/Water Treatment Process Synergy

Matching a modern WTE facility’s electrical output with water treatment process demand can vary significantly based on the water source, quality, treatment process and pumping requirements associated with the community’s existing water distribution system.

Figure 1 below illustrates the relationship between the size of the WTE facility and the potential water treatment process if all of the electricity were used for water treatment.

As shown, the WTE facility can provide energy far in excess of a community’s demand for convention potable water and wastewater treatment services. For communities in need of securing additional water supplies from alternate water sources—such as lower-quality surface water, brackish water, or seawater—the compatibility of WTE and water treatment plant (WTP) improves due to the greater demand for energy. An ever-growing percentage of the global population currently resides along coastal states. Much of this population resides in large- and medium-sized coastal communities, where the demand for additional water supply may require seawater distillation technologies. In these communities, the use of reverse osmosis (R/O), multi-stage flash (MSF) evaporation and multiple-effect distillation (MED) processes may be ideally suited to use 100% of the WTE electricity.

Advanced Water Treatment
Looking to the future of a more constrained and efficient municipal water resource system, water treatment approaches may include reclaimed water distribution systems for local, residential, commercial, and agricultural irrigation; reservoir storage for reclaimed water and excess stormwater during wet seasons; and stormwater treatment systems for removal of excess nutrients and pollutants in light of recent environmental mandates to control these discharges. In such an arrangement, the demand for energy in the form of electricity and steam will increase significantly and provide opportunity for a WTE facility to provide integrated campus needs.

Figure 2 illustrates how such a future water resource system and WTE facility could be integrated into a single utility campus.

The majority of communities currently do not employ WTE and have large MSW streams that are currently being disposed of in landfills. As the local and state goals for landfill diversion gain momentum as part of a drive for sustainability, the development of regional WTE facilities may also become viable when combined with regional water supply and distribution projects. In these cases, there is likely sufficient MSW available, which could allow a WTE facility to be sized to match the demand of the community’s existing and future water resource needs.

Figure 3 below illustrates a recent example of this synergistic relationship in Hillsborough County, Florida. This publicly owned, municipal waste-to-energy facility was originally constructed from 1985 to 1987 to process 1,200 tons per day of municipal solid waste. The facility generates 29 MW of renewable electricity, which is sold to the local utility. The WTE facility is located adjacent to an advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) plant that provides reclaimed water for use in the WTE facility’s cooling system, along with other ancillary uses that include facility landscape irrigation, plant floor washing, and process water for use in the facility’s air pollution control system. The AWT facility also accepts sanitary sewage waste and process wastewater from the WTE facility.

FIGURE 2 – Future opportunity for integration of WTE and water resources

FIGURE 3 – Integration of WTE and water resources (Hillsborough County, Florida)

A Recent Success Story
The Hillsborough County WTE facility was recently expanded in 2007 to accommodate the continuing growth of the local community’s solid waste. An additional 600 tons per day of capacity was added, along with a separate steam turbine generator for the production of an additional 17 MW of renewable electricity. Shortly after the addition of the new expansion unit, Hillsborough County water services staff approached the solid waste staff to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using some of the WTE renewable electricity to power the AWT facility. After review and analysis, the decision was made to disconnect the AWT facility from the local utility grid and repower the facility entirely with renewable electricity from the WTE facility. Backup diesel power was already available at the AWT plant to provide full operating capacity for periods when the WTE facility may not be available.

Commencing in the summer of 2009, the AWT facility was placed entirely on the WTE electrical system and has been consuming up to 2 MW of electricity per hour. This synergistic relationship allows the solid waste and water services departments to share in two ways. The solid waste department currently sells the remaining power to the local electric utility for a little less than 6 cents per kilowatt-hour, whereas the AWT was formerly purchasing electricity from the local electric utility for approximately 9 cents per kilowatt-hour under a commercial tariff rate. The 3 cents per kilowatt-hour difference is shared between the two Hillsborough County departments, resulting in a mutual benefit, which ultimately is returned to the local solid waste and wastewater rate payers in the form of reduced utility fees.

In response to this initial successful synergistic project, Hillsborough County has recently decided to expand the internal use of its renewable electricity by using up to an additional 5 MW of electric power for other essential services managed on its municipal campus, including a water treatment facility, water pump station, animal services facility, jail, and county administration offices.

Public Works Benefits
The potential cost savings that can be realized by the internal use of renewable energy produced from a modern WTE facility can be significant, depending upon the cost of electric power purchased from the local grid and the price at which utilities are willing to pay for renewable energy. These savings can be shared internally within the domain of public works to the benefit of rate payers for both solid waste and water resources.

The integration of WTE and water resources is a golden opportunity to maximize the benefits and services to the local community while minimizing the costs of these services. To borrow the phrase of Buckminster Fuller, one of the world’s most prolific inventors and visionaries, this represents the opportunity to optimize both utility systems and “do more with less!”

The year 2020 is just around the corner, and now is the time for this generation to leave its legacy by initiating the planning process for an integrated WTE and WTP campus to meet the needs of the next generation.

We live in an increasingly “environmentally tuned in” society; more of us are aware of and have an opinion on environmental issues. Topics such as sustainability and climate change surround us daily.

With modern technology, we have the means, as individuals, to broadcast our opinions to a large audience. As technology continues to facilitate our broadcast, our individual audience grows, and so too does our influence.

This growing number of external influences will need to be managed in order to successfully plan for and implement solid waste landfill programs.

Public consultation and engagement will increasingly demand attention before beginning a project. The long-held business cliche of “beg forgiveness later” will no longer be acceptable to regulators. “Ask permission now” will be the key to success.

Is a technical, engineering-based solid waste industry ready to accommodate nontechnical opinions?

It goes without saying that we’ll continue to see shifts in “where” we communicate – newspaper, radio, television, the Internet, etc. It’s challenging to predict how these media will affect us next week, let alone 10 or 15 years from now. We have no choice but to be flexible and adapt to them at their pace. So long as we’re strategically planning for communication, we will have no problem accommodating their maneuverings.

The key is “how” we will be communicating. We need to shift our thinking towards a user-customer-citizen-centered approach. Systems need to be designed for maximum participation in waste diversion programs. Participation, is human; it relies on human behavior. Successful programs will be those that target select behaviors and drive behavior change.


到2020年，綜合固體廢物管理系統(tǒng)的未來將繼續(xù)減少其碳足跡，并專注于可再生能源在應(yīng)對走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的全球性驅(qū)動演變。減少廢物管理的碳足跡可能來自多方面。機會可能使用天然氣燃料，使每周少的集合，安裝沼氣為能源系統(tǒng)，以及其他可再生能源系統(tǒng)（風(fēng)能和太陽能），即使是小規(guī)模足以供電的電源，包括批發(fā)部署收集車只有在垃圾填埋場配套辦公室的需求和其他的設(shè)施。而最后的綜合公共事業(yè)規(guī)劃之初可能很快導(dǎo)致公共工程和公用事業(yè)校園的需要從垃圾中回收的能量和連續(xù)供電供水和污水處理廠，以及大量的其他公共能源用戶提供的協(xié)同優(yōu)勢的發(fā)展，從監(jiān)獄行政辦公室。 最近晉升為生產(chǎn)生物甲烷，合成氣，并從城市垃圾的液體生物燃料的替代廢物轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)受到越來越多的開發(fā)者可能會導(dǎo)致更多的機會為社區(qū)管理自己的浪費。廢物轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)列表中包括先進的燃燒，厭氧消化，催化解聚，發(fā)酵，氣化，熱解和。先進的燃燒是目前表現(xiàn)出的技術(shù)。一些新興技術(shù)，目前正在評估在測試的各個階段，由能源和私人投資者的美國能源部提供資金。該途徑的商業(yè)成功的新興技術(shù)通常需要5到10年。在2020年，有可能是幾個新出現(xiàn)的廢物轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)將推進到商業(yè)地位。 然而，我們的水晶球的重點是向前看的大規(guī)模燃燒垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化為能源（WTE）先進燃燒行之有效的主力產(chǎn)業(yè)繼續(xù)發(fā)展，并落實到市政公用校園。除非在確定如何市政垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施，用于支付當(dāng)?shù)貜U棄物產(chǎn)生的可再生能源法轉(zhuǎn)機，有機會使用電源后面的表或者其內(nèi)部的公共工程可能出現(xiàn)的最高和最好的使用這種可再生能源發(fā)電。內(nèi)部用電這樣的一個機會，將是市政水資源的治療。這個廣泛的一類重要的市政服務(wù)，包括廢水處理，中水，雨水，和飲用水，以及我們對這種持續(xù)和協(xié)同的方法視力低于探索。 機會的水能主辦的Nexus 到2020年，全球公共工程社會將面臨到預(yù)計將超過8十億的全球人口提供兩種固體廢物管理和水資源服務(wù)的艱巨任務(wù)。展望未來的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，在蒸汽，熱和電的先進的垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施的派生形式的可再生能源，可用于從當(dāng)?shù)厥姓�wastestreams的nonrecycled部分衍生能源內(nèi)部權(quán)力的市政水處理工藝。對于這些情況下，節(jié)省了內(nèi)部使用的電力的結(jié)果與當(dāng)?shù)仉娏υO(shè)施的購電相比，可節(jié)約固體廢棄物和水資源部門之間共享。 通常被稱為“水能源關(guān)系，”水和能源有著千絲萬縷的公共工程的目標(biāo)是提供一個干凈，經(jīng)濟實惠的城市供水鏈接。固體廢物管理和水處理交付也對經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展對地方，區(qū)域，州和國家各級的成功發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的兩個關(guān)鍵過程。先進的治療需要的能量用于飲用水生產(chǎn)更大的需求正在成為常態(tài)處理低質(zhì)量的原水供應(yīng)，同時滿足更高的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，越來越多的水化學(xué)參數(shù)和關(guān)注的化學(xué)品的家庭。紫外線，臭氧，超聲波，膜，和其他電衍生的消毒和過濾技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，隨著城市水處理的總體能源強度的凈影響。 綜上所述，以下是影響新興城市固體廢棄物管理和水資源的范例： 增加垃圾填埋場轉(zhuǎn)移和循環(huán)利用的目標(biāo) 通過清潔可再生能源的地方，區(qū)域和國家能源獨立的目標(biāo) 可持續(xù)發(fā)展和氣候變化倡議意識的不斷增強 需要替代水源開發(fā) 需要的地方，經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和高品質(zhì)的就業(yè)機會 水處理工藝電力需求 能源輸入污水處理廠與滿足飲用水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求的原水水質(zhì)和處理工藝類型差別很大。能量輸入各種水處理工藝，包括原水取款及轉(zhuǎn)賬，治療，消毒和典型分布范圍，匯總于表1。 現(xiàn)代化的廢物轉(zhuǎn)化為能源 目前，垃圾發(fā)電處理設(shè)施，在美國的總的都市固體廢物約13％。其結(jié)果是，有可被轉(zhuǎn)換到各種形式的綠色能源的一個巨大的未開發(fā)的資源。有可能超過16000兆瓦的電力是目前在美國就有一個“失去的機會”。許多這樣的廢料可以使用現(xiàn)有的成熟的方法轉(zhuǎn)化為綠色可再生能源。協(xié)同，多這種潛在的可再生能源，可在市區(qū)靠近廢物產(chǎn)生的源頭，需要對市政服務(wù)和供水設(shè)施進行開發(fā)。平均毛利率和凈發(fā)電的垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施的增加，過去十年，至每噸凈每噸廢物處理約550千瓦時，假設(shè)每磅5000英熱單位的典型城市生活垃圾熱值。 表1 - 水處理電力需求 圖1 - 污水處理廠規(guī)格搭載千噸，每天垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施 WTE/水處理工藝協(xié)同 相匹配的現(xiàn)代WTE設(shè)施的水處理過程的需求電輸出的變化在顯著基于與所述社區(qū)的現(xiàn)有水分配系統(tǒng)相關(guān)聯(lián)的水源，品質(zhì)，處理過程和泵送的要求。 下面的圖1示出了WTE設(shè)施的大小，如果所有的電能被用于水處理的電位水處理過程之間的關(guān)系。 如圖所示，垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施可以遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了常規(guī)飲用水和污水處理服務(wù)的社區(qū)的需求提供能量。對于需要從備用水源，如低質(zhì)量的表面水，微咸水，或WTE和水處理廠（WTP）海水的相容性獲得額外供水群落改善由于對能源的需求較大。不斷增長的全球人口比例目前居住在沿海州。許多這樣的人口居住在大型和中型的沿海社區(qū)，在這里額外供水的需求，可能需要海水蒸餾技術(shù)。在這些社區(qū)中，利用反滲透（R / O），多級閃蒸（MSF）蒸發(fā)和多效蒸餾（​​MED）過程可能會非常適合使用100％的垃圾發(fā)電的電力。 先進的水處理 尋找到更多的制約，高效的市政水資源系統(tǒng)的未來，水處理方法可能包括再生水分配系統(tǒng)的地方，住宅，商業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉;再生水，在潮濕的季節(jié)雨水過多水庫蓄水;和雨水處理系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)最近的環(huán)保任務(wù)，以控制這些排放去除多余的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和污染物質(zhì)。在這種布置中，在電力和蒸汽的形式對能源的需求將顯著增加和提供機會的WTE設(shè)施提供綜合校園需求。 圖2顯示了如何這樣一個未來水資源系統(tǒng)和垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施可以集成到一個單一的工具校區(qū)。 大多數(shù)社區(qū)目前沒有使用垃圾發(fā)電，并有目前正在棄置于堆填區(qū)的都市固體廢物的大溪流。由于地方和國家目標(biāo)垃圾填埋場轉(zhuǎn)移增益勢頭作為推動可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一部分，區(qū)域垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施的發(fā)展也可能成為可行的，與區(qū)域供水和分配項目相結(jié)合。在這種情況下，有可能足夠可用的垃圾，這可能讓垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)備的大小，以滿足社會各界的現(xiàn)有和未來水資源需求的需求。 下面的圖3顯示了最近在希爾斯伯勒縣，佛羅里達這種協(xié)同關(guān)系的例子。最初修建這公有制，城市垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化為能源的設(shè)施1985年至1987年，以在制品1,200噸都市固體廢物的一天。該工廠產(chǎn)生29兆瓦的可再生能源發(fā)電，這是出售給當(dāng)?shù)毓�用事業(yè)。在WTE工廠位于毗鄰先進的廢水處理（AWT）的植物，提供再生水在垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施的冷卻系統(tǒng)的使用，以及其他配套使用，包括工廠園林灌溉，工廠車間洗滌，工藝用水的使用工廠的空氣污染控制系統(tǒng)。 AWT的工廠也接受生活污水廢物和廢水處理的垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施。 圖2 - 集成的垃圾發(fā)電和水資源的未來機會 圖3 - 垃圾發(fā)電和水資源集成（希爾斯伯勒縣，佛羅里達州） A最近成功案例 在希爾斯伯勒縣垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)施是最近擴大了在2007年，以適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣�的固體廢棄物的持續(xù)增長。另外一個600噸容量的一天加入，還有一個獨立的蒸汽渦輪發(fā)電機生產(chǎn)額外17兆瓦的可再生能源發(fā)電。增加新的擴展單元后不久，希爾斯伯勒縣水務(wù)工作人員上前固體廢物的工作人員來調(diào)查使用一些垃圾發(fā)電的可再生電力的AWT設(shè)備電源的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟可行性。審查和分析后，決定是從本地公用電網(wǎng)和瑞能完全的設(shè)施與可再生能源發(fā)電的垃圾發(fā)電設(shè)備斷開AWT的設(shè)施。備用柴油動力已經(jīng)可用在AWT的植物，以提供充分的工作能力時WTE設(shè)施可能不可用時段。 開始于2009年夏天，AWT的設(shè)施被完全放置在垃圾發(fā)電電氣系統(tǒng)，并已耗費高達2兆瓦每小時的電費。這種協(xié)同關(guān)系，使固體廢物和水務(wù)部門有兩種方法共享。固體廢棄物部門目前所銷售的剩余電力向當(dāng)?shù)仉娏�公司進行了不到6美分​​每千瓦小時，而AWT的下一個商業(yè)電價原購電來自當(dāng)?shù)仉娏�公司為每千瓦時約9美分率。每千瓦時相差3分錢是兩個希爾斯伯勒縣各部門之間共享，造成了互惠互利，最終返回給當(dāng)?shù)氐墓腆w廢棄物和廢水稅率繳納的降低公用事業(yè)費的形式。 針對這一初步成功的協(xié)同項目，希爾斯伯勒縣最近決定使用最多額外5兆瓦的電力就其市政校園管理等基本服務(wù)，包括污水處理設(shè)施，以擴大內(nèi)部采用了可再生能源發(fā)電，水泵站，動物服務(wù)設(shè)施，監(jiān)獄，縣行政辦公室。 公共工程效益 可以由內(nèi)部使用從現(xiàn)代WTE工廠生產(chǎn)的可再生能源來實現(xiàn)潛在的成本節(jié)約可以是顯著，取決于電力從本地網(wǎng)格和在哪些公用愿意支付的可再生能源的價格，購買的成本。這些儲蓄可以在內(nèi)部公共工程，以稅率繳納的利益為固體廢物和水資源領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的共享。 對垃圾發(fā)電和水資源的整合是一個千載難逢的機會，以發(fā)揮最大的效益，服務(wù)于當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)，同時盡量減少這些服務(wù)的成本。借用巴克明斯特富勒，是世界上最多產(chǎn)的發(fā)明家和夢想家之一的短語，這代表有機會來優(yōu)化程序系統(tǒng)和“少花錢多辦事！” 到2020年是指日可待，現(xiàn)在是時候通過啟動為一體的綜合垃圾發(fā)電及污水處理廠的校園規(guī)劃過程，以滿足下一代的需求，這一代留下的遺產(chǎn)。 我們生活在一個越來越“環(huán)保收看”社會;更多的人都知道的，對環(huán)境問題的看法。主題，如可持續(xù)發(fā)展和氣候變化每天在我們身邊。 隨著現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，我們有辦法，作為個人，播出了我們大量的觀眾的意見。隨著技術(shù)的不斷推動我們的廣播，我們個人成長的觀眾，所以也做我們的影響力。 將需要此越來越多的外部影響，為了成功地規(guī)劃和實施固體廢物填埋項目進行管理。 公眾咨詢和參與開始一個項目之前，會越來越需要重視。的長期持有經(jīng)營的陳詞濫調(diào)“求求寬恕以后”將不再接受監(jiān)管。 “問現(xiàn)在的許可”將是成功的關(guān)鍵。 是一種技術(shù)，工程為基礎(chǔ)的固體廢物行業(yè)已經(jīng)可以容納非技術(shù)性的意見呢？ 不用說，我們將繼續(xù)看到“，其中”我們的溝通轉(zhuǎn)變 - 報紙，廣播，電視，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等，這是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的預(yù)測如何將這些媒體會影響到我們接下來的一周，更別說10年或15年，從現(xiàn)在。我們沒有選擇，只能是靈活的，適應(yīng)他們的步伐。只要我們從戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的溝通，我們不會有任何問題，滿足他們的花招。 最關(guān)鍵的是“如何”，我們會溝通。我們要轉(zhuǎn)變我們的思維對用戶客戶為公民為中心的方法。系統(tǒng)需要設(shè)計用于廢物轉(zhuǎn)移計劃最大程度的參與。參與，是人;它依賴于人的行為。成功的項目將是那些針對選擇行為和駕駛行為的改變。